to aaj ke blog mai hum samjhege ki what is Stock Market Basics for Beginners to Experts in india to smjhiye Har company ko apne business chalane ke liye paise ki zarurat hoti hai. Kabhi-kabhi, unka jo paisa hota hai woh unke working capital requirements ko pura karne ke liye kaafi nahi hota. Aur isi liye, companies aise normal logon ko bulati hain, jaise aap aur main, apne company mein thoda paisa daalne ke liye taaki woh apna business efficiently chala sakein aur badhe. Aur badle mein, investors ko jo bhi profit hota hai, uska ek hissa milta hai.
Is samajh ko samajhna stock market ke basics ko samajhne ka pehla kadam hai. Chaliye, isko aur detail mein samajhte hain.
Table of Contents
Stock Market Kya Hai :
Stock market ek aisa bada marketplace hai jahan companies apne ownership ke shares ko public ke saath bechte hain. Yeh shares ek prakar ka financial asset hote hain jo company ke ownership ka hissa darshate hain. Jab aap kisi company ke shares kharidte hain, toh aap uss company ka ek chhota hissa ban jaate hain.
Is marketplace mein shares ke kharidne aur bechne ka transaction hota hai, jo investors aur traders ke beech hota hai. Yahan par shares ki trading hoti hai aur investors apne investment ko badhane ke liye stocks ko kharidte aur bechte hain.
Stock market ek prakar ka pramukh financial infrastructure hai jahan investors, companies aur traders ka interaction hota hai. Iske through, companies apne capital ko badha sakti hain aur investors apne paise ko grow kar sakte hain.
Companies Shares Kaise Bechti Hain?
Companies shares bechti hain taaki woh apne business ko expand kar sakein, naye projects mein invest kar sakein, ya fir apni debts ko pay kar sakein. Shares bechkar, companies bank se loan lene ke bina paisa generate kar sakti hain.
Investors Ko Kya Milta Hai?
Jo investors shares kharidte hain, woh company ke shareholders ban jaate hain. Unhe company ke safal hone mein hissa milta hai. Agar company profit karti hai, toh shareholders ko uss profit ka ek hissa dividend ke roop mein milta hai. Aur agar company ki value samay ke saath badhti hai, toh shareholders apne shares ko bechkar profit kama sakte hain.
Stock Market Basics Samajhna:
Stock Exchanges:
Stock exchange ek marketplace hai jahan companies apne shares aur securities ko public ke liye list karte hain taki investors unhe kharid sakein. Ye ek organized market hota hai jahan securities ko buy aur sell kiya jaata hai.
Yahan par kuch mukhya features hain stock exchange ke:
Listed Companies:
Stock exchange par companies apne shares ko list karti hain. Is process ko IPO (Initial Public Offering) kehte hain, jisme company apne shares ko public ke liye available karti hai.
Trading Platform:
Stock exchange ek trading platform provide karta hai jahan investors apne trades execute kar sakte hain. Yeh platform electronic trading ke through kaam karta hai.
Regulation:
Stock exchange regulated hota hai aur strict guidelines aur regulations ke tahat operate karta hai. Isse investors ko fair trading environment milta hai aur market ki integrity maintain hoti hai.
Market Hours:
Stock exchange ki timings hoti hain jisme trading hota hai. Generally, yeh timings business days ke during hoti hain, aur alag-alag exchanges ke alag-alag timings hote hain.
Indices:
Stock exchange par kuch indices hote hain jaise Nifty 50 aur Sensex jo market ke overall performance ko represent karte hain. In indices ki movement ko dekhte hue market ka trend aur direction samjha jaata hai.
Market Makers:
Kuch stock exchanges par market makers hote hain jo liquidity provide karte hain aur transactions ko facilitate karte hain.
Clearing and Settlement:
Stock exchange par trades ke clearing aur settlement ka process hota hai. Ismein transactions ka confirmation hota hai aur shares aur funds transfer ki jati hain.
India mein kuch pramukh stock exchanges hain jaise Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) aur National Stock Exchange (NSE). Inmein se NSE aur BSE sabse bade aur pramukh stock exchanges hain jo Indian market ke liye important hote hain.
NSE (National Stock Exchange) aur BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) dono hi Bharat ke pramukh stock exchanges hain, jo ki Indian stock market ke liye bahut mahatvapurna hote hain.
1. National Stock Exchange (NSE):
- NSE Bharat ka sabse bada aur pramukh stock exchange hai.
- NSE ka headquarters Mumbai, Maharashtra mein hai.
- Iska establishment 1992 mein hua tha aur woh fully automated electronic trading system par kaam karta hai.
- NSE ke dwara Nifty 50 index ka calculation hota hai, jo ki market ke top 50 companies ka index hai aur market ke overall performance ko darshata hai.
- NSE ke trading hours Monday se Friday tak hote hain, morning 9:15 baje se lekar evening 3:30 baje tak.
2. Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE):
- BSE, Bharat ka sabse purana stock exchange hai, jiska establishment 1875 mein hua tha.
- BSE ka headquarters Mumbai, Maharashtra mein hai.
- BSE ka iconic building, “Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers” ya “BSE Tower” hai, jo ki Mumbai ke iconic landmarks mein se ek hai.
- BSE ke dwara Sensex index ka calculation hota hai, jo ki market ke top 30 companies ka index hai aur market ke overall performance ko darshata hai.
- BSE ke trading hours bhi Monday se Friday tak hote hain, morning 9:15 baje se lekar evening 3:30 baje tak.
Key Differences between NSE and BSE:
- Automation: NSE fully automated electronic trading system par kaam karta hai, jabki BSE initially open-outcry system ka use karta tha, lekin ab BSE bhi electronic trading par transition kar chuka hai.
- Indices: NSE ke dwara Nifty 50 index ka calculation hota hai, jabki BSE ke dwara Sensex index ka calculation hota hai. Dono hi indices market ke overall performance ko measure karte hain, lekin unmein different companies included hote hain.
- Market Capitalization: NSE ke comparison mein BSE ka market capitalization thoda kam hota hai, lekin dono hi exchanges bade aur chote companies ko list karte hain.
In dono stock exchanges ke through, investors aur traders apne investments ko buy aur sell kar sakte hain aur Indian stock market ke dynamics ko samajh sakte hain.
Stocks kya hote hai (What are Stocks):
Stocks, ya shares, ek company ke ownership ka ek tukda hota hai. Jab aap kisi company ke stocks kharidte hain, toh aap uss company ka ek chhota hissa ban jaate hain.
Yeh companies apne business ko expand karne ke liye ya dusre projects mein invest karne ke liye public ke saamne apne shares ko available karti hain. Public, yani ki investors, in shares ko khareedkar un companies ke shareholders ban jaate hain.
Stocks ka matlab hota hai ownership aur ek tarah ka investment vehicle. Jab aap stocks kharidte hain, toh aap uss company ke profit aur growth ke hissa ban jaate hain. Agar company achha perform karti hai, toh aapke shares ka value bhi badhta hai. Iske saath hi, agar company dividend declare karti hai, toh aapko dividend bhi milta hai.
Stocks ke do prakar hote hain:
- Common Stocks: Ye sabse common type ke stocks hote hain. Inmein company ke profits ka ek hissa hota hai aur inke shareholders ko voting rights milte hain.
- Preferred Stocks: Ye stocks bhi company ke ownership ka ek hissa hote hain, lekin inmein common stocks ke comparison mein kuch differences hote hain. Preferred stockholders ko common stockholders ke mukable fixed dividend milta hai, lekin voting rights nahi hote hain.
Stocks market mein trade kiye jaate hain aur ismein investors apne investments ko buy aur sell karte hain. Stock market ek marketplace hai jahan buyers aur sellers apne transactions execute karte hain.
Stock Indices:
Stock indices ek tarah ka indicator hota hai jo stock market ke overall performance ko represent karta hai. Ye indices ek group ya basket ko represent karte hain, jo ki market ke top-performing companies ko shamil karta hai.
Bharat mein kuch pramukh stock indices hain jaise Nifty 50 aur Sensex. Nifty 50 National Stock Exchange (NSE) ka ek pramukh index hai jo India ke 50 leading companies ko include karta hai. Sensex Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) ka index hai jo India ke 30 top-performing companies ko darshata hai.
In indices ke movements ko dekhte hue, investors market ke overall health aur trend ka andaza laga sakte hain. Agar indices badh rahe hain, toh yeh darshata hai ki market mein confidence hai aur companies achhe performance kar rahi hain. Jabki indices gir rahe hain, toh yeh market mein uncertainty ho sakti hai ya fir kisi specific sector mein problems ho sakti hain.
Stock indices investors ko market ke trend ko samajhne aur unke investments ko track karne mein madad karte hain.
Stock Market Orders:
Stock market orders ek tareeka hai jisse investors apne stocks ko kharidne ya bechne ke liye execute karte hain. Yeh orders trading platform par diye jaate hain aur unhe execute kar diya jaata hai jab kisi specific condition ya criteria ko poora kiya jaata hai.
Yahan par do pramukh types ke stock market orders hote hain:
- Market Order: Market order ek instruction hoti hai jisse investor immediate trading price par execute karna chahta hai. Jab aap market order place karte hain, toh aapke shares market ke current price par kharide ya beche jaate hain. Market order mein, execution ki guarantee hoti hai lekin exact price nahi pata chalta.
- Limit Order: Limit order mein investor ek specific price set karta hai jiske upar ya niche us shares ko kharidna ya bechna chahta hai. Jab market price us specific price tak pahunchti hai, tab order execute hota hai. Limit order mein aap apne trades ki price ko control karte hain, lekin execution ka koi guarantee nahi hota agar market price aapke set kiye gaye price tak nahi pahunchti.
In orders ke through, investors apne trades ko effectively manage kar sakte hain aur apne desired price par trades execute kar sakte hain. Yeh orders trading platform par easily place kiye ja sakte hain aur investors ke trading strategy ko implement karne mein madad karte hain.
Risk aur Return:
Risk:
- Kya Hai? Risk ka matlab hota hai kisi investment ya trading activity se nuksan uthane ka khatra. Stock market mein risk un uncertainty aur fluctuations ka hota hai jo investments ke prices mein ho sakte hain.
- Types of Risks:
- Market Risk: Yeh risk market ke overall movements se juda hota hai. Market mein ups aur downs se investments ka value change hota hai.
- Company Risk: Company-specific factors jaise financial performance, management changes, aur industry competition se juda risk.
- Liquidity Risk: Jab kisi stock ki liquidity low hoti hai aur usko kharidne ya bechne mein dikkat hoti hai, toh woh liquidity risk kehte hain.
- Interest Rate Risk: Interest rate changes se juda risk. Interest rate badhne ya ghatne se investments ke value par asar hota hai.
- Political and Regulatory Risk: Political instability aur regulatory changes se juda risk.
- Kaise Manage Karein?
- Diversification: Apne portfolio ko spread out karein aur alag-alag asset classes mein invest karein taki ek hi type ke risk se bacha ja sake.
- Research: Sahi research aur analysis se invest karein taki aap apne investments ke risks ko samajh sakein.
- Risk Management Strategies: Stop-loss orders aur hedging techniques jaise risk management strategies ka istemal karein.
Return:
- Kya Hai? Return investment ya trading activity se hasil hone wale profits ya gains ko darshata hai. Iska calculation percentage mein hota hai aur yeh investors ke liye ek mahatvapurn parameter hota hai.
- Types of Returns:
- Capital Gains: Jab aap apne investments ko high price par bechte hain compared to purchase price, tab capital gains hota hai.
- Dividends: Companies apne profits ka ek hissa shareholders ko dividend ke roop mein deti hain. Yeh bhi ek form of return hai.
- Interest Payments: Fixed income securities jaise bonds ya fixed deposits se interest payments bhi ek form of return hai.
- Risk aur Return ka Sambandh:
- Generally, jyada returns pane ke liye jyada risk lena padta hai. High-risk investments jaise stocks aur commodities mein jyada returns mil sakte hain lekin saath hi saath risk bhi zyada hota hai.
- Low-risk investments jaise government bonds ya fixed deposits mein returns low hote hain lekin risk bhi kam hota hai.
Samajhdari se apne risk aur return ke sambandh ko samajhkar, investors apne financial goals ke hisaab se sahi investments kar sakte hain. Kabhi bhi, apne risk tolerance aur investment horizon ko dhyaan mein rakhte hue apne decisions ko lena zaroori hai.
Lambi Aawadhi vs. Chhoti Aawadhi Mein Nivesh(Long-Term vs. Short-Term Investing):
Lambi aawadhi aur chhoti aawadhi mein nivesh karne ke do mukhya tarikon hai jo investors apne financial goals ko achieve karne ke liye istemal karte hain.
1. Lambi Aawadhi Nivesh (Long-Term Investing):
Lambi aawadhi nivesh mein investors apne paise ko lambe samay tak market mein invest karte hain. Ismein investors ek company ke shares ko kharidte hain aur unhe samay ke saath badhne dete hain. Is tarah ke nivesh ko usually years ya decades ke liye kiya jaata hai.
Key Features:
- Stability: Lambi aawadhi nivesh mein investor long-term growth aur stability ki umeed rakhta hai.
- Compound Interest: Compound interest ke through, lambi aawadhi nivesh karne se paise grow karte rehte hain aur investor ko zyada return milta hai.
- Goal-Oriented: Lambi aawadhi nivesh mein investor apne bade financial goals jaise retirement, bachhon ki shiksha ya ghar kharidna ke liye paise jama karta hai.
2. Chhoti Aawadhi Nivesh (Short-Term Investing):
Chhoti aawadhi nivesh mein investors apne paise ko kuchh samay tak market mein invest karte hain. Ismein investors stocks ko kharidte hain aur unhe kuchh samay mein bechkar profit kamane ki koshish karte hain.
Key Features:
- High Risk-High Return: Chhoti aawadhi nivesh mein risk aur return dono high hote hain. Stock market mein short-term fluctuations ke karan risk zyada hota hai lekin agar sahi timing aur strategy se invest kiya jaaye, toh zyada return bhi mil sakta hai.
- Quick Profit: Chhoti aawadhi nivesh mein investors chhoti time period mein quick profit kamane ki koshish karte hain.
- Active Trading: Chhoti aawadhi nivesh mein investors active trading karte hain aur market trends ko closely monitor karte hain.
Har ek tarah ke nivesh ki apni khubiyan aur challenges hoti hain. Lambi aawadhi nivesh mein patience aur disciplined approach ki zaroorat hoti hai, jabki chhoti aawadhi nivesh mein risk management aur trading skills ki mahatva hoti hai. Investors ko apne financial goals, risk tolerance aur samay ke hisaab se dono tarikon mein se ek ya dono mein nivesh karna chahiye.
Share Market Kaise Kaam Karta Hai (How Does the Stock Market Work ) ?
Stock market ek marketplace hai jahan companies apne shares ko public ke liye list karte hain aur investors un shares ko khareedte aur bechte hain. Yeh ek dynamic aur regulated environment hai jahan stocks ki trading hoti hai.
Stock market kaise kaam karta hai, yeh kuch steps mein samjha ja sakta hai:
1. Companies Issuing Shares:
- Companies apne business ko expand karne ke liye ya funds raise karne ke liye apne shares ko public ke liye available karte hain.
- Jab company apne shares ko public ke liye list karti hai, us process ko IPO (Initial Public Offering) kehte hain.
2. Listing on Stock Exchanges:
- Listed companies apne shares ko stock exchanges par list karte hain jaise ki National Stock Exchange (NSE) aur Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Bharat mein.
- Stock exchanges provide trading platform jahan investors apne transactions execute kar sakte hain.
3. Buying and Selling:
- Investors apne brokerage accounts ke through stocks ko buy aur sell karte hain.
- Jab koi investor kisi stock ko kharidta hai, woh us stock ke liye ek buy order place karta hai. Jab koi investor kisi stock ko bechta hai, woh us stock ke liye ek sell order place karta hai.
- Stock market orders ke through, yeh transactions execute hote hain. Market order mein, transaction current market price par hota hai. Limit order mein, investor ek specific price set karta hai jiske according transaction execute hota hai.
4. Supply and Demand:
- Stock prices market mein supply aur demand ke based hote hain.
- Agar kisi stock ki demand zyada hai aur supply kam hai, toh us stock ki price badhti hai. Jab supply zyada hoti hai aur demand kam hai, toh us stock ki price girti hai.
5. Market Indices:
- Market indices jaise ki Nifty 50 aur Sensex overall market ke performance ko represent karte hain.
- In indices ki movements se market ke overall trends ko samjha ja sakta hai.
6. Market Regulation:
- Stock market ko SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) jaise regulatory bodies monitor karte hain.
- Regulatory bodies ensure ki market transparent, fair aur regulated rahe.
Stock market ek complex ecosystem hai jismein companies, investors, brokers, aur regulatory bodies ka interaction hota hai. Yeh ek essential component hai global economy ka aur investors ke liye ek important source hai wealth create karne ka.
Some important Terms are given Below:
Stock market ki basic understanding ke liye kuch aham terms samajhne zaroori hote hain. Yahaan kuch aise terms hain jo stock market mein commonly istemal kiye jaate hain:
1. Sensex:
- Sensex ek collection hai top 30 stocks ka jo Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) par list hai, aur yeh unki market capitalisation ke adhaar par select hoti hain.
2. SEBI:
- SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) ek regulatory body hai jo stock market ko monitor karti hai aur kisi bhi fraudulent activity ko rokti hai.
3. Demat:
- Demat, ya dematerialised account, ek online portfolio hota hai jahan investor apne shares aur securities ko electronic form mein rakhta hai.
4. Trading:
- Trading ek process hai jisme investors shares kharidte aur bechte hain.
5. Stock Index:
- Stock index ya stock market index ek statistical tool hai jo financial market ke fluctuations ko measure karta hai.
6. Portfolio:
- Portfolio ek collection hota hai various assets ka jaise gold, stocks, funds, property, etc. jo investor ke paas hota hai.
7. Bull Market:
- Bull market mein companies zyada revenue generate karte hain aur economy grow karta hai.
8. Bear Market:
- Bear market mein economy slow hota hai, jisse consumers kam kharch karte hain aur GDP kam hota hai.
9. Nifty50:
- Nifty 50 ek collection hai top 50 companies ka jo National Stock Exchange (NSE) par list hai.
10. Stock Market Broker:
Stock broker ek investment advisor hota hai jo apne clients ke liye stocks kharidne aur bechne ki transactions execute karta hai.
11. IPO:
IPO (Initial Public Offer) ek company ka securities public ke liye sell karna hota hai primary market mein.
12. Equity:
Equity woh value hoti hai jo shareholder ko milengi agar company ke sab assets liquidated ho jaaye aur sab debts clear ho jaayein.
13. Dividend:
Dividend ek reward hota hai jo company apne shareholders ko deti hai apne profits se.
14. BSE:
BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) Bharat ka sabse bada aur pehla stock exchange hai, jo 1875 mein establish hua tha.
15. NSE:
NSE (National Stock Exchange) Bharat ka ek aur bada stock exchange hai jo screen-based trading implement kiya tha.
16. Call & Put Option:
Call option investor ko security kharidne ka adhikaar deta hai, jabki put option security bechne ka adhikaar deta hai.
17. Types of Stock Market:
Primary Market: Yahan companies apne naye stocks ko public ke liye launch karte hain. – Secondary Market: Yahan investors stocks ko buy aur sell karte hain, bina companies ke involvement ke.
18. Ask and Close: –
‘Ask’ stock market mein seller dvara lowest price hoti hai jisse woh stock bechega. – ‘Closing price’ woh price hoti hai jispar ek stock ka regular trading session khatam hota hai.
19. Moving Average:
Moving average ek technical indicator hota hai jo stock price data ko smooth karta hai aur trends ko identify karne mein madad karta hai.
20. Market Cap (Market Capitalization):
Market cap ek company ka total market value hota hai, jo uske current share price ko total outstanding shares se multiply karke calculate hota hai.
21. Volume:
Volume wo total number of shares hai jo ek specific time period mein trade hoti hain. High volume ek strong indicator hota hai ki market mein interest hai aur active trading ho rahi hai.
22. Blue Chip Stocks:
Blue chip stocks woh stocks hote hain jo well-established, financially stable aur reputable companies ke hote hain. Inmein investment karne ke liye generally kam risk hota hai.
23. Penny Stocks:
Penny stocks low-priced stocks hote hain jinke price typically bahut kam hoti hai, often less than ₹10 ya ₹20. Inmein invest karne ki risk zyada hoti hai lekin potential returns bhi high hote hain.
24. Market Order:
Market order ek instruction hoti hai jisse investor apne shares ko current market price par buy ya sell karta hai.
25. Limit Order:
Limit order mein investor ek specific price set karta hai jiske upar ya niche woh shares ko buy ya sell karna chahta hai. Yeh order tab execute hota hai jab market price specified price tak pahunchti hai.
26. Stop-Loss Order:
Stop-loss order ek risk management tool hota hai jismein investor apne shares ko ek specific price par sell karne ka instruction deta hai, agar stock ka price us level tak gir jaata hai.
27. Margin Trading:
Margin trading mein investor apne broker ke through loan lekar stocks kharidte hain. Ismein investor apni investment ke liye only ek percentage pay karta hai aur baki ka amount loan ke roop mein hota hai.
28. Market Maker:
Market maker ek financial institution ya individual hota hai jo ek specific stock ke liye liquidity provide karta hai aur buyers aur sellers ke beech transactions ko facilitate karta hai.
29. Sector:
Sector ek specific industry ya business segment ko refer karta hai. Jaise ki IT sector, banking sector, automobile sector, etc.
30. Volatility:
Volatility stock ya market ki price fluctuations ko measure karta hai. High volatility ka matlab hai ki prices mein jyada fluctuations hain, jabki low volatility ka matlab hai ki prices mein kam fluctuations hain.
31. Earnings Per Share (EPS):
- Earnings Per Share (EPS) company ke har share ke net earnings ko darshata hai. Yeh company ki profitability ko measure karne ke liye istemal hota hai.
32. Price-Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio):
- Price-Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio) stock ke current price ko company ke earnings per share se divide karke calculate kiya jata hai. Yeh valuation metric hota hai jo company ke future prospects ka ek indicator hota hai.
33. Dividend Yield:
- Dividend Yield ek stock ki annual dividend ko uske current price se divide karke calculate kiya jata hai. Yeh percentage form mein hota hai aur investors ko pata lagata hai ki unhe har share par kitna dividend mil raha hai.
34. Market Order Depth:
- Market Order Depth ek indicator hota hai jo stock market mein available buy aur sell orders ki quantity aur prices ko darshata hai. Yeh investors ko bataata hai ki kis price par kitni shares available hain.
35. Blue Sky Laws:
- Blue Sky Laws state-level securities laws hote hain jo investors ko protect karte hain fraudulent securities activities se. In laws ka objective hota hai investors ko sahi aur transparent information provide karna.
36. Circuit Breaker:
- Circuit Breaker ek automatic trading halt hota hai jo excessive market volatility ko control karne ke liye lagaya jata hai. Jab market mein bahut zyada volatility hoti hai, tab trading temporarily band hota hai.
37. Market Capitalization Weighted Index:
- Market Capitalization Weighted Index ek stock index hota hai jismein har stock ka weight uski market capitalization ke hisaab se hota hai. Ismein bade companies ka zyada weight hota hai.
38. Liquidity:
- Liquidity ek measure hota hai jis se pata chalta hai ki kisi stock ya asset ko kitni aasani se buy aur sell kiya ja sakta hai. High liquidity wale stocks aasani se buy aur sell kiye ja sakte hain.
39. Inflation:
- Inflation ek economic term hai jo bataata hai ki ek specific time period mein goods aur services ki overall price level mein kis tarah ki increase hui hai. High inflation economic instability ko darshata hai.
40. Initial Margin:
- Initial Margin ek percentage hoti hai jise investor ko apne broker ko pay karna hota hai margin trading mein stocks kharidne ke liye. Yeh investment ka ek percentage hota hai aur baki amount loan ke roop mein hota hai.
Conclusion
Yeh terms stock market mein commonly istemal hoti hain aur inhe samajhna investors ke liye zaroori hai. I hope apko ye ” Indian Stock Market Basics for Beginners to Experts” ke blog ki ye jankari upyogi lagi hogi